There are many uncertainties in assessing the consequences of nuclear conflict. Here I propose to work on several outstanding questions, and to communicate the results to society at large. Tasks include:1. I propose to finish a list of military targets in the U.S. and other NATO countries, as well as in Russia and its allies. 2. I propose a modern analysis of the fatalities and casualties from the explosions to gain a better estimate of direct effects. 3. The greatest danger to the global population in a nuclear war is from climate changes due to smoke from fires. I propose to complete a data base of black carbon and smoke emission factors. We will use that data base to determine how much smoke and black carbon will be emitted in a global nuclear war. 4. Using these new targets, and emission factors we will conduct a series of climate modeling studies to determine how military targets compare with urban targets in terms of casualties and impacts on climate. We will also investigate how the components of the smoke other than black carbon contribute to the climate changes assuming the other components are mainly organics.